Feathered dinosaur tail found preserved in amber

The tail of a feathered dinosaur has been found perfectly preserved in amber from Myanmar. The one-of-a-kind discovery helps put flesh on the bones of these extinct creatures, opening a new window on the biology of a group that dominated Earth for more than 160 million years. Examination of the specimen suggests the tail was chestnut brown on top and white on its underside.

Oldest fossil trees reveal the roots of forests

The earliest fossilised trees, dating back 386 million years, have been found at an abandoned quarry in New York.  Scientists believe the forest they belonged to was so vast it originally stretched beyond Pennsylvania. This discovery in Cairo, New York, is thought to be two or three million years older than what was previously the world's oldest forest at Gilboa, also in New York State. The findings throw new light on the evolution of trees.

Heat transference through quantum fluctuations

Experiments show that quantum fluctuations can allow heat to be transported between two objects separated by a vacuum gap. This effect could be harnessed to exploit and control heat transfer in nanoscale devices.

Phonon transmission across a vacuum. Fong et al. show that phonons — vibrations in an atomic lattice — can be transported between objects that are separated by a vacuum gap. To understand how this process occurs, consider an object at a fixed temperature T1. Thermal agitation of the object’s atoms produces phonons that propagate as acoustic waves and cause the object’s surface to exhibit time-varying undulations (the amplitudes of the undulations shown are exaggerated for clarity). A second object, at a fixed temperature T2 < T1, is brought close to the first object, with a vacuum gap between the objects. The undulations of the first object’s surface exert a time-varying ‘Casimir’ force (caused by quantum fluctuations) on the second object’s surface, which gives rise to phonons in the second object. Because phonons are heat carriers, heat is transferred from the first object to the second one.

44,000 year old Indonesian rock art depicts hunting ritual

A cave-wall depiction of a pig and buffalo hunt is the world’s oldest recorded story, claim archæologists who discovered the work on the Indonesian island Sulawesi. The scientists say the scene is more than 44,000 years old.

The 4.5-metre-long panel features reddish-brown forms that seem to depict human-like figures hunting local animal species. Previously, rock art found in European sites dated to around 14,000 to 21,000 years old were considered to be the world’s oldest clearly narrative artworks. The scientists working on the latest find say that the Indonesian art pre-dates these.

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For a more informed interpretation of such mythic symbolism, see the works of Joseph Campbell.

Greenland rocks suggest Earth’s magnetic field is older than previously thought

Magnetic minerals in ancient Greenlandic rocks suggest that Earth’s magnetic field arose at least 3.7 billion years ago. The finding pushes back the time of the magnetic field’s birth to about 200 million years earlier than the commonly accepted estimate — around the time life first appeared on Earth.

Heavyweight Black Hole Mystifies Astronomers

Astronomers have found a seemingly “impossible” black hole about 14,000 light-years away. Their observations suggest that the weird object weighs in at a staggering 68 times the mass of the Sun. While much heftier black holes, dubbed supermassive, reside in the cores of most large galaxies, theories predict an upper limit of some 45 to 55 solar masses for a “stellar-mass” black hole that forms in the aftermath of a supernova explosion.

Hypervelocity star found to have been ejected from centre of the Milky Way by supermassive black hole

An international team of researchers have found a hypervelocity star that's been ejected from the centre of our galaxy by the resident supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*. The star — S5-HSV1 — is now travelling at more than six million kilometres per hour (or 1,700km/s).

But the breakup happened five million years ago when it was half of a binary star system that strayed too close to the black hole. The two stars were in a very tight orbit around each other, until the black hole wrenched them apart, capturing one and flinging S5-HSV1 at extremely high speed away from its companion and ejecting it from the centre of our galaxy.

Ancient ape offers clues to evolution of bipedalism in hominins

The fossilised remains of a newly discovered species of ancient ape suggest that it might have been able to walk on two feet, millions of years before the first humans appeared.

The finding challenges the accepted idea that bipedal walking evolved much later in the ancestors of modern humans, and that having a skeleton adapted for regularly moving around on two feet is a unique and defining feature of hominins, the evolutionary group to which we belong. Not all researchers agree with the conclusions, however, and it is not yet clear where the ancient animal fits in the ape evolutionary tree.

The newly discovered ape — named Danuvius guggenmosi — lived in what is now Germany 11.6 million years ago. The fossils show that although it had long arms suited to hanging in trees, features of its legs and spine suggest it might also have been able to move around on its hind feet.

Water detected on interstellar comet

Astronomers have spotted signs of water spraying off comet 2I/Borisov as it flies towards the Sun on a journey from interstellar space. It’s the first time scientists have seen water in our Solar System that originated elsewhere. Most comets contain a lot of water, but confirming its presence in an interstellar comet is an important step towards understanding how water might travel between the stars. Astronomers have been tracking Borisov since its discovery in August. It is only the second interstellar object ever discovered, after 2017’s Oumuamua.

DNA points to the cradle of humanity

Homo sapiens evolved in a vast wetland that once covered what is now northern Botswana, and stayed there for around 70,000 years before beginning our outward migrations. That’s the finding based on the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 200 people from rarely studied groups in southern Africa, including some who have the oldest mtDNA known in living people.

How evolution builds genes from scratch

In the past five years, researchers have found numerous signs of newly minted ‘de novo’ genes in every lineage they have surveyed. De novo genes are even prompting a rethink of some portions of evolutionary theory. Conventional wisdom was that new genes tended to arise when existing ones are accidentally duplicated, blended with others or broken up, but some researchers now think that de novo genes could be quite common: some studies suggest at least one-tenth of genes could be made in this way; others estimate that more genes could emerge de novo than from gene duplication. Their existence blurs the boundaries of what constitutes a gene, revealing that the starting material for some new genes is non-coding DNA (see ‘Birth of a gene’).

Four-thousand-year-old genomes show deep roots of social inequality

In a first-of-its-kind study, scientists have used ancient DNA to reconstruct the family trees of dozens of individuals who lived in a small German valley around 4,000 years ago. The genealogies point to social inequality within individual households, which encompassed both high-status family members and unrelated, low-status individuals — possibly servants or even slaves — as well as mysterious foreign females related to no one else.

Remains of 5,000-year-old 'cosmopolitan' city discovered in Israel

The remains of a large, 5,000-year-old city have been discovered in Israel. The early Bronze Age settlement covered 160 acres and was home to about 6,000 people.

Saturn moon count reaches 82

Twenty more moons have been discovered orbiting Saturn, giving the ringed planet 82 — at very least. The discovery establishes Saturn as the planet in our solar system with the most moons, surpassing Jupiter's 79. About 100 even tinier moons may be orbiting Saturn, still waiting to be found.

Lab-made primordial soup yields RNA bases

Organic chemists have created in the lab the nucleobases, adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine — known as A, U, C and G — that could have served as the building blocks of RNA on an early Earth. The team put basic molecules through a series of conditions that could have existed way back when — cycling them from wet to dry, from hot to cold, and from acidic to basic, with chemicals occasionally flowing between two ponds. The results add credence to the idea that life arose from self-replicating, RNA-based genes before organisms developed the ability to store genetic information in the molecule’s close relative, DNA.

Giant exoplanet orbiting a dwarf star

Scientists are expressing surprise after discovering a solar system 30 light-years away from Earth that defies current understanding about planet formation, with a large Jupiter-like planet orbiting a diminutive star known as a red dwarf.

Stars are generally much bigger than even the largest planets that orbit them. But in this case, the star and the planet are not much different in size.

The star, called GJ 3512, is about 12 per cent the size of our sun, while the planet that orbits it has a mass of at least about half of Jupiter.

First portrait of Denisovans drawn from DNA

For the first time, scientists analysing the DNA of Denisovans have offered a glimpse of what they might have looked like.

Hubble telescope spies water raining on distant exoplanet

Astronomers have spotted hints of water raining in the atmosphere of a planet beyond the Solar System. The discovery is a rare glimpse of water molecules around a distant world that is not much bigger than Earth. Named K2-18 b, the planet is 34 parsecs (110 light-years) from Earth in the constellation Leo. Notably, it lies in the ‘habitable zone’ around its star — the distance at which liquid water could exist, making extraterrestrial life possible in its hydrogen-rich atmosphere.

Giant ‘bubbles’ detected around Milky Way’s black hole

The bubbles are gas structures that can be observed because electrons stirring inside them produce radio waves as they are accelerated by magnetic fields. This activity suggests that the bubbles are the remnants of an energetic eruption of hot gas several millions years ago.

Neanderthal children's footprints offer rare snapshot of Stone Age family life

A team of archæologists analysed 257 footprints discovered at Le Rozel on the coast of Normandy. They found the footprints belong to a group of between 10 and 14 individuals, most of whom were children including a two-year-old.

Geologists uncover history of lost continent buried beneath Europe

Geologists have reconstructed, time slice by time slice, a nearly quarter-of-a-billion-year-long history of a vanished landmass that now lies submerged, not beneath an ocean somewhere, but largely below southern Europe. The only visible remnants of the continent—known as Greater Adria—are limestones and other rocks found in the mountain ranges of southern Europe. Scientists believe these rocks started out as marine sediments and were later scraped off the landmass’s surface and lifted up through the collision of tectonic plates. Yet the size, shape, and history of the original landmass—much of which lay beneath shallow tropical seas for millions of years—have been tough to reconstruct.

Ancient worm fossil rolls back origins of animal life

More than half a billion years ago, a strange, worm-like creature died as it crawled across the muddy sea floor. Both the organism and the trail it left lay undisturbed for so long that they fossilised. Now, they are helping to revise our understanding of when and how animals evolved.

The fossil, which formed some time between 551 million and 539 million years ago, in the Ediacaran period, joins a growing body of evidence that challenges the idea that animal life on Earth burst onto the scene in an event known as the Cambrian explosion, which began about 539 million years ago.

Rare 3.8-million-year-old skull recasts origins of iconic ‘Lucy’ fossil

The skull belongs to a species called Australopithecus anamensis, and it gives researchers their first good look at the face of this hominin. This species was thought to precede Lucy’s species, Australopithecus afarensis. But features of the latest find now suggest that A. anamensis shared the prehistoric Ethiopian landscape with Lucy’s species, for at least 100,000 years.

Lightest neutrino is at least 6 million times lighter than an electron

By bringing two types of data together, physicists have established the first estimate of the mass of the lightest of the elementary particles called neutrinos. Their results show that the lightest of the three neutrinos has a mass of at most 0.086 electronvolts, meaning it is at least 6 million times lighter than an electron.

Neanderthals in cold, chilly environments

Palæoanthropologists have found an exceptionally high rate of bone growths in the ear canals of Neanderthals, which are caused by long-term exposure to cold water or wind chill. They say this is indirect evidence Neanderthals may have actively exploited aquatic environments for food and other resources.

Chemists make first-ever ring of pure carbon

Long after most chemists had given up trying, a team of researchers has synthesised the first ring-shaped molecule of pure carbon — a circle of 18 atoms. The chemists started with a triangular molecule of carbon and oxygen, which they manipulated with electric currents to create the carbon-18 ring. Initial studies of the properties of the molecule, called a cyclocarbon, suggest that it acts as a semiconductor, which could make similar straight carbon chains useful as molecular-scale electronic components.

Newly discovered exoplanet trio could unravel the mysteries of super-Earth formation

Three newly discovered exoplanets could help researchers redefine the shaky line between rocky and gaseous planets, according to new observations from NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). TESS, which marks its first year of operations this month, spotted the trio of planets some 73 light-years away from Earth. The exoplanets are of a type that does not exist in our solar system, being between the Earth and Neptune in size.

New quantum computing building block developed

Researchers have developed a new building block for a quantum computer, bringing the technology a tantalising step closer. The team has built the first two-qubit gate between atom qubits in silicon, they report in the journal Nature. The quantum building block, which is capable of performing an operation of 0.8 nanoseconds, is around 200 times faster than existing spin-based two-qubit gates in silicon.

The oldest Homo sapiens fossil found outside Africa

A 210,000-year-old skull seems to be the oldest Homo sapiens fossil ever found outside Africa by 30,000 years. It was discovered, along with another fossil skull nearby, in the Apidima cave in southern Greece in the 1970s, but has only now been analysed using modern techniques. The second skull is that of a Neanderthal, who lived more recently, potentially upending some theories about the order in which Neanderthals and modern humans came to Europe. “Our findings support multiple dispersals of early modern humans out of Africa,” say the researchers, and highlight just how complex the human story is.

Philistines originated in Europe, DNA reveals

Archaeologists have known for a century that the distinctive ceramic pots and other artefacts that suddenly appeared in the 12th century B.C.E. Philistine cities resemble artefacts from the Mycenaean empire of Greece, the ancient power that, according to myth, battled Troy. Egyptian hieroglyphics depict a sea battle with people from the north whom 19th century scholars called the "Sea Peoples."

The DNA data suggest a kernel of truth to Greek and Middle Eastern legends that describe survivors who moved south after the catastrophic collapse of great Bronze Age civilisations of the Mediterranean in the late 13th and early 12th centuries B.C.E.

The Levantine Philistines examined had inherited 25% to 70% of their DNA from southern European ancestors, and the closest matches were to ancient people from the Aegean, Sardinia, and Iberia. The remaining DNA was from local people, suggesting their European ancestors had quickly interbred with their new neighbours.

Fragile topology

The mathematics hidden in materials keeps getting more exotic. Topological states of matter — which derive exotic properties from their electrons’ ‘knotty’ quantum states — have shot from rare curiosity to one of the hottest fields in physics. Now, theorists are finding that topology is ubiquitous, and recognising it as one of the most significant ways in which solid matter can behave.

NASA drone will explore Titan's atmosphere and hydrocarbon lakes

NASA will send a dual-quadcopter drone to hop across the surface of Titan, Saturn’s largest moon. Named Dragonfly, the mission will launch in 2026 and arrive at Titan in 2034. Dragonfly will study the atmosphere as it flies around, and touch down for extended stays on the moon's surface. The drone will explore areas where methane- and ethane-rich lakes recently dried up — and in the process, might have left behind residue rich with organic compounds like those that may have existed on early Earth before life arose.

Insect-sized robot powered by light

At half the weight of a paper clip, 'RoboBee X-wing' has achieved untethered flight using ultra-lightweight solar cells, powering piezoelectric actuators, via a stripped down circuit board. This technology is in its infancy, but could pave the way for a new generation of miniature drones.

Mars rover detects ‘excitingly huge’ methane spike

NASA’s Curiosity rover has measured the highest level of methane gas ever found in the atmosphere at Mars’s surface. The reading taken last week at Gale Crater — 21 parts per billion — is three times greater than the previous record, which Curiosity detected back in 2013. Various spacecraft and telescopes have spotted methane on Mars over the past 16 years, but the gas doesn’t appear in any predictable pattern — deepening the mystery of its origin.

The human body is a complex mosaic made up of clusters of cells with different genomes

Tissue mosaics arise as cells accumulate mutations — from DNA errors that creep in during cell division, or because of exposure to environmental factors. When a skin cell with a given mutation divides, it can create a patch of skin that is genetically different from its neighbours.

Quantum jumps caught and reversed mid-flight

Researchers built an artificial atom out of a superconducting circuit to explore the quantum behaviour and were able to predict when the leap was about to take place. They could even interfere to reverse the jumps and stop them happening, which might come in handy for correcting errors in quantum computing.

First observation of chimpanzees cracking open tortoise shells and scooping out flesh

Chimpanzees in Gabon were seen smashing tortoises' shells and sharing the meat with each other. One male chimp was seen stashing tortoise meat into a shell, storing it in a tree, and retrieving it the following day.

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Capuchin monkeys crack open clam shells.  Storing food for later retrieval is extremely common across animal species.

Billion-year-old fossils set back evolution of earliest fungi

Minute fossils pulled from remote Arctic Canada could push back the first known appearance of fungi to about one billion years ago — more than 500 million years earlier than scientists had expected. These ur-fungi are microscopic and surprisingly intricate, with filament-like structures. Chemical analyses suggest that the fossils contain chitin, a compound found in fungal cell walls.

Lokiarchaeota and the tree of life

These newly discovered archaea have genes that are considered hallmarks of eukaryotes. And deep analysis of the organisms’ DNA suggests that modern eukaryotes belong to the same archaeal group. If that’s the case, essentially all complex life — everything from green algae to blue whales — originally came from archaea.

Biggest Denisovan fossil reveals that the ancient human was widespread across the world

Scientists have uncovered the most complete remains yet from the ancient-hominin group known as the Denisovans. The jawbone, discovered high on the Tibetan Plateau and dated to more than 160,000 years ago, is also the first Denisovan specimen found outside the Siberian cave in which the hominin was uncovered a decade ago — confirming suspicions that Denisovans were more widespread than the fossil record currently suggests.

Gravitational waves hint at detection of black hole eating star

Gravitational waves may have just delivered the first sighting of a black hole devouring a neutron star. If confirmed, it would be the first evidence of the existence of such binary systems. The news comes just a day after astronomers had detected gravitational waves from a merger of two neutron stars for only the second time.

simulation of a black hole consuming a neutron star

Twenty-two-million-year-old bones reveal a meat-eater that ruled long before the big cats

The enormous predator, named Simbakubwa kutokaafrika — “big lion from Africa” in Swahili — roamed what is now Kenya around 22 million years ago and was probably larger than a polar bear.  However, Simbakubwa was not a cat, but one of a group of animals called hyaenodonts that includes some of the biggest predatory mammals ever to walk on Earth. Hyaenodonts were the top carnivores before hyaenas, cats, dogs and bears staged their global takeover.

Is the Newly Found Hominin, Homo Luzonensis, an Australopithecine?

The human family tree has grown another branch, after researchers unearthed remains of a previously unknown hominin species from a cave in the Philippines. They have named the new species, which was probably small-bodied, Homo luzonensis.

The shape of the H. luzonensis foot bones most resembles those of Australopithecus — primitive hominins, including the famous fossil Lucy, thought not to have ever left Africa.

Black hole pictured for first time

Astronomers have finally glimpsed the blackness of a black hole. By stringing together a global network of radio telescopes, they have for the first time produced a picture of an event horizon — a black hole’s perilous edge — against a backdrop of swirling light.

Mars Express confirms methane spike and narrows down location of its source

Fleeting spikes of methane have been detected in the Martian atmosphere several times over more than a decade, but none had been independently confirmed — until now.

New staple-size frog is one of the tiniest ever discovered

The new frogs are part of an informal group called microfrogs, which belong to the family Cophylinae. Their discovery brings the total number of Malagasy microfrogs to 108; on average, 10 new species are identified and described per year in the country.

Physicists see new difference between matter and antimatter

An experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world’s most powerful particle accelerator, has seen a new difference in the way matter and antimatter behave — in decays of particles called D mesons.